OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

A. INTRODUCTION
1. Environmental Analysis
Environmental analysis, as used in these notes, is the chemical (or physical) characterization of some component of the natural or engineered environment. One may speak of four facets to environmental analysis:
1. Analytical Methods
2. Sampling Protocol
3. Quality Control
4. Data Analysis


B. TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS
I. Classical
A. Gravimetric
1. Evaporation
2. Filtration
3. Precipitation
4. Extraction
B. Volumetric Analysis or Titrimetric Analysis
1. Acid/Base
2. Precipitation
3. Complexation or Chelation
4. Oxidation/Reduction
II. Modern or Instrumental Methods
A. Spectroscopic Methods
1. Molecular
a. Molecular Absorption
i. Ultraviolet/Visible
ii. Infrared
b. Molecular Emission
2. Atomic
b. Atomic Absorption (AAS)
i. Flame
ii. Furnace
b. Atomic Emission
i. Flame
ii. Plasma
B. Electrochemical Methods
1. Potentiometry
a. Glass Electrode
b. Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE)
2. Amperometry
3. Voltammetry
4. Conductance
C. Chromatographic Methods
1. Planar Chromatography
2. Gas Chromatography
a. Flame Ionization Detection
b. Electron Capture Detection
c. Thermal Conductivity
3. Liquid Chromatography
D. Mass Spectrometry
a. Probe Introduction
b. GC Introduction (GC/MS)
c. LC Introduction (LC/MS)
E. Nuclear Methods
III. Biochemical Methods
A. Whole Organisms
B. Cell Cultures
C. Enzyme Systems

Articles

SUMMARIES OF PHYSICAL RESEARCH IN METALLURGY, SOLID STATE PHYSICS, AND CERAMICS

I. PRODUCTION, TREATMENT, AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
A. Metallurgy of Reactor Materials
Metallurgical and Other Investigations on Special Metals, Other Materials-5 and Processes
Purification of Alkali Halides-8
Physical Metallurgy of Uranium-9
Uranium A13 oys -10
Physical Metallurgy of Plutonium and Its Alloys-12
Niobium Phase Diagrams-13
System Zirconium-Iron-Tin -14
Uranium Phase Equilibria Studies-15
Bonding Fundamentals -16
Basic Studies Relevant to the Liquid Metal Fuel Reactor-17
Transformation Characteristics of Zirconium-Niobium Alloys-19
Study of Inclusions in Uranium-21
Fatigue Behavior of Dilute Alloys of Niobium -22
Physical Metallurgy of Uncommon Metals -23
Constitution of Uranium Alloys-24
Fundamentals of Diffusional Bonding-25
Phase Equilibria Studies of Alloy Systems Involving One or More Alkali
and Alkaline Earth Metals as Components -26
Basic Properties of Light Metal Hydrides -27
B. Materials Preparation
Preparation, Structure and Properties of Uranium Compounds-31
Metal Purification and Crystal Preparation-32
Preparation of Semiconducting Materials-33
C. Refractory Materials
Basic Research In Ceramics-37
Properties of Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures-38
Research on Graphite-39
Volume Change on Melting 1102 -40
Ceramics Research-41
D. Corrosion and Oxidation Studies
Basic Corrosion Studies-45
Scaling of Zirconium at Elevated Temperatures-46
Study of the Films Formed on Zirconium-Niobium Alloys in Oxygen Atmospheres -47
Investigation of Phenomena Related To Liquid Metal Corrosion-48
Corrosion of Nuclear Metals -49
Electrochemical Studies on the Corrosion of Nuclear Reactor Metals-50


[PDF] SUMMARIES OF PHYSICAL RESEARCH IN METALLURGY, SOLID STATE PHYSICS ..

Digestion of Solid Matrices Desk Study - Horizontal

SUMMARY
Choice of digestion methods
The report in hand concerns an evaluation of potential for horizontal standardisation for the digestion of samples prior to the determination of trace elements covering sludge, soil, treated biowaste and neighbouring fields.
The detailed comparison of standards for the digestion prior to the determination of trace elements demonstrates the possibility of preparing horizontal standards in this field, however
investigation has to be initiated prior to the establishment.
From an environmental impact evaluation perspective the composition derived from either "partial" or "total" digestion is hardly relevant, as the fraction which even under extreme environmental condition will be brought into solution (and made available for plants etc.) is several orders of magnitude lower. Thus for control purposes or for monitoring or evaluation of developments in element concentration, the use of "partial" methods are considered acceptable.
However, it is of vital importance that the methods provide comparable results with a sufficiently high reproducibility for the elements and matter in question.
In many European countries, digestion methods used for solid environmental samples such as waste, sludge and soil are based on the use of aqua regia in accordance with the relevant European and International standards for the different areas. However, in some European countries, e.g. the Nordic countries, the digestion methods are based on the use of nitric acid.
The reason for this choice being the smaller interference effects from using nitric acids on some of the subsequent analytical procedures.

[PDF] Digestion of Solid Matrices Desk Study - Horizontal

Direct observation of multiple and stochastic transition states by a feedback-controlled single-molecule force measurement.

Anal Sci. 2009 Jan;25(1):5-7.
Related Articles,
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Direct observation of multiple and stochastic transition states by a feedback-controlled single-molecule force measurement.

Fukagawa A, Hiroshima M, Sakane I, Tokunaga M.

Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.To overcome the ensemble-averaging barrier, single-molecule experiments have been performed, but energy landscapes comprising multiple intermediates have not yet been defined. We performed mechanical unfolding of staphylococcal nuclease using intermolecular force microscopy, modified AFM with high resolution and feedback control of the positioning. The force dropped vertically just after its peak, and multiple transition states were detected as force peaks. The multiple and stochastic intermediates found in the present study provide new important information on protein folding.PMID: 19139567 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Analytical and separation chemistry by taking advantage of organic photochromism combined with macrocyclic chemistry.

Anal Sci. 2009 Jan;25(1):9-20.
Related Articles,
Links
Analytical and separation chemistry by taking advantage of organic photochromism combined with macrocyclic chemistry.

Kimura K, Nakahara Y.

Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, Japan. kkimura@sys.wakayama-u.ac.jpPhotochromic crown compounds, such as monomeric and polymeric crown compounds incorporating spirobenzopyran, spironaphthooxazine, spirobenzothiapyran, Malachite Green, and Crystal Violet moieties, were synthesized for applications in the fields of analytical and separation chemistry. The photochromic crown compounds, especially crowned spirobenzopyran derivatives, were applied to metal ion extraction, extraction spectrophotometry, membrane transport, and ion chromatography, the sensitivity and selectivity of which were controlled and enhanced photochemically. Also, micelles and vesicles containing lipophilic crowned spirobenzopyrans and Malachite Greens were tested for their usefulness in spectrophotometric and fluorometric metal-ion determination and photocontrol of organic substance in aqueous systems. The polymeric crowned spirobenzopyrans were tried to use as a photochemical valve based on photochemical rheology changes. Moreover, attempts were made to directly observe photoinduced aggregation of the spirobenzopyran moiety and photoresponsive rheology changes of the polymeric crowned spirobenzopyran, by using chemical force microscopy.Publication Types:
ReviewPMID: 19139568 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Analytical studies on the development of high-performance liquid chromatographic methods with fluorescence or chemiluminescence detections and their p

Anal Sci. 2009 Jan;25(1):21-31.
Related Articles,
Links
Analytical studies on the development of high-performance liquid chromatographic methods with fluorescence or chemiluminescence detections and their practical applications.

Nakashima K, Ikeda R, Wada M.

Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan. naka-ken@nagasaki-u.ac.jpThis review describes a comprehensive investigation focusing on syntheses of analytical reagents, followed by their utilization in development of analytical methods, and leading to practical applications for rational use of medicaments centering on abused drugs. Many kinds of analytical reagents for fluorescence and chemiluminescence detections have been synthesized with the intention of improving sensitivity. By properly combining the developed analytical reagents with an HPLC separation technique, one could determine ultra-small amounts of abused drugs such as stimulants, narcotics and obesity drugs in various matrices. Furthermore, chiral analyses of some abused drugs and evaluation of their potential for drug-drug interaction were also performed. The developed methods might be useful for forensic and toxicological studies on drug abuse. Also, the results obtained in our study might contribute to the prediction of and the protection of human health from risks of abused drugs.Publication Types:
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ReviewPMID: 19139569 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Analytical studies on the development of high-performance liquid chromatographic methods with fluorescence or chemiluminescence detections and their p

Anal Sci. 2009 Jan;25(1):21-31.
Related Articles,
Links
Analytical studies on the development of high-performance liquid chromatographic methods with fluorescence or chemiluminescence detections and their practical applications.

Nakashima K, Ikeda R, Wada M.

Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan. naka-ken@nagasaki-u.ac.jpThis review describes a comprehensive investigation focusing on syntheses of analytical reagents, followed by their utilization in development of analytical methods, and leading to practical applications for rational use of medicaments centering on abused drugs. Many kinds of analytical reagents for fluorescence and chemiluminescence detections have been synthesized with the intention of improving sensitivity. By properly combining the developed analytical reagents with an HPLC separation technique, one could determine ultra-small amounts of abused drugs such as stimulants, narcotics and obesity drugs in various matrices. Furthermore, chiral analyses of some abused drugs and evaluation of their potential for drug-drug interaction were also performed. The developed methods might be useful for forensic and toxicological studies on drug abuse. Also, the results obtained in our study might contribute to the prediction of and the protection of human health from risks of abused drugs.Publication Types:
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ReviewPMID: 19139569 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Molecular display technology using yeast--arming technology.

Anal Sci. 2009 Jan;25(1):41-9.
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Links
Molecular display technology using yeast--arming technology.

Shibasaki S, Maeda H, Ueda M.

Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Chuo, Kobe 650-8530, Japan. seiji@huhs.ac.jpA technology to display proteins or peptides on living organisms has been developed over the last two decades. So-called "Molecular display (Arming) technology" or "Cell surface engineering" has been one of the important tools for analyzing and understanding protein function, or for screening of novel clones from libraries. In addition, it endows cells with novel abilities that cannot be added by conventional genetic recombination. In particular, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a lot of advantages in molecular display technology. Normal yeast cells can be transformed into a wide variety of "arming yeasts" that have catalytic functions, affinity binding to valuable ligands, bioremediation properties, bio-monitoring properties, etc. This review describes the background, applications, and representative achievements of molecular display technology of yeast.Publication Types:
ReviewPMID: 19139571 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Automated pretreatment system for the speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) using dual mini-columns packed with newly synthesized chitosan resin and ME-03

Anal Sci. 2009 Jan;25(1):51-6.
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Automated pretreatment system for the speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) using dual mini-columns packed with newly synthesized chitosan resin and ME-03 resin.

Furusho Y, Sabarudin A, Hakim L, Oshita K, Oshima M, Motomizu S.

GL Sciences Inc., Shinjuku, Tokyo 163-1130, Japan.Chitosan resin possessing the 4-hydroxyphthalic acid moiety (CCTS-HPA resin) was synthesized. This resin could adsorb chromium(VI) at pH 3 to 5, whereas chromium(III) could not be retained in the acidic region. The CCTS-HPA resin was used for collecting chromium(VI), and ME-03 resin was used for collecting chromium(III) before their measurement by ICP-AES measurement. Both resins were packed in mini-columns and installed serially in a laboratory-assembled automated pretreatment system (Auto-Pret System). The system provides a highly sensitive and fully automated procedure for the speciation of chromium(III) and chromium(VI). The proposed system was successfully applied to speciation of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) using 5 ml of water samples. The detection limits (S/N = 3) of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) were 0.06 and 0.04 microg l(-1), respectively, along with an analysis time of 7 min 45 s for both chromium species. The lowest determinable concentrations for both chromium species were about 0.5 microg l(-1), which was enough for the speciation of chromium in water samples.Publication Types:
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tPMID: 19139572 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Color sensors for indole vapors based on Ehrlich-type reactions.

Color sensors for indole vapors based on Ehrlich-type reactions.Kohno Y, Kamiya J, Okubo T, Matsushima R.Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan.A sensitive and simple color sensor for indole vapors has been developed based on the Ehrlich-type reaction in solid polymer film. Upon 60-min exposure of the film sensor to the air containing 5 - 100 ppb of indole vapors, pink or magenta color could be recognized by the naked eyes. Alternatively, a trial gas detector tube has been prepared by mixing the reagents with sea sand. When air (100 mL) was pumped through the detector tube, indole vapors above 20 ppb could be detected within 1 min. The sensing was selective to the vapors of indoles and pyrroles, and other VOCs or ambient moisture did not interfere.PMID: 19139587 [PubMed]

Articles

Determination and size-fractional distribution of the elements in garlic.

Determination and size-fractional distribution of the elements in garlic.Zhu Y, Inagaki K, Haraguchi H, Chiba K.Environmental Standard Section, Inorganic Analytical Chemistry Division, National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan. yb-zhu@aist.go.jpThirty elements in garlic sample were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) after microwave digestion. The concentrations of K, Ca,Na, Sr, and Hg in the present garlic sample were higher than those in rice and wheat, but the concentration of Se in the garlic sample was relatively lower. The extractability of the elements in the garlic sample was also examined; the results showed that most of the elements could be easily extracted by pure water and/or a 0.1 M HNO(3) solution, except for Hg. Furthermore, the size-fractional distribution of the elements in garlic was investigated by pure water extraction and centrifugal ultrafiltration.Publication Types:
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tPMID: 19139589 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Intra-rater agreement of the anorectal exam and classification of injury severity in children with spinal cord injury.

Intra-rater agreement of the anorectal exam and classification of injury severity in children with spinal cord injury.Vogel L, Samdani A, Chafetz R, Gaughan J, Betz R, Mulcahey MJ.[1] 1Shriners Hospitals for Children, Chicago, IL, USA [2] 2Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA.Study design:Intra-rater reliability study, cross-sectional design.Objectives:To report on the intra-rater agreement of the anorectal examinations and classification of injury severity in children with spinal cord injury (SCI).Setting:Two, non-profit children's hospitals specializing in pediatric SCI.Methods:180 subjects had at least two trials of the anorectal examinations as defined by the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to evaluate the agreement. ICC>0.90=high agreement; ICC between 0.75-0.89=moderate agreement; ICC<0.75=poor icc="0.56)" icc="0.70)" icc="0.69)." icc="0.81)" icc="0.78)" icc="0.67)." icc="0.56)" icc="0.74)" icc="0.11)" icc="0.63).">

Study on Solid Phase Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determinationof Vanadium with 2-(2-Quinolylazo)-5-Diethylaminophenol

A sensitive, selective and rapid method has been developed for the determination μg/L level of vanadium ion based on the rapid reaction of vanadium(V) with 2-(2-quinolylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (QADEAP) and the solid phase extraction of the colored chelate with C18 cartridge. The QADEAP reacts with V(V) in the presence of citric acid-sodium hydroxide buffer solution (pH = 3.5) and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) medium to form a violet chelate of a molar ratio 1 : 2 (V(V) to QADEAP). This chelate was enriched by solid phase extraction with C18 cartridge and the enrichment factor of 50 was obtained by elution of the chelates from the cartridge with ethanol. The molar absorptivity of the chelate is 1.28 × 105 L mol−1 cm−1 at 590 nm in the measured solution. Beer’s law is obeyed in the range of 0.01-0.6 μg/mL. The detection limit is 0.04 μg/L in the original samples. This method was applied to the determination of vanadium(V) in water and biological samples with good results.
Key Words : 2-(2-Quinolylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol, Vanadium, Spectrophotometry, Solid phase extraction

[PDF]
Study on Solid Phase Extraction and Spectrophotometric

Highly Selective and Sensitized Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron (III) Following Potentiometric Study

Abstract

A simple, selective and sensitized spectrophotometric method for determination of trace amounts of Fe3+ ion in tap and waste water solutions has been described. The spectrophotometric determination of Fe3+ ion using Ferron in the presence of N,N-Dodecytrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) has been carried out. The Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 0.05-2.6 g mL-1 of Fe3+ ion with the relative standard deviation (RSD %) <0.2 % and the molar absorptivity of complexes in pH 3.5 is 3.8×103 L mol-1 cm-1.
Potentiometric pH titration has been used for prediction of protonation constants of ferron, and evaluating its stoichiometry and respective stability constant with Fe3+ ion. As it is obvious the most likely species of ferron alone and its complexes are LH (log=7.64), LH2 (logK=10.52), LH3 (logK=11.74) and ML2 (log= 23.68), ML3 (log= 23.68), ML3H (log= 23.68), ML3H2 (log= 23.68) and ML(OH)2 (log=23.68) respectively.

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Highly Selective and Sensitized Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron (III) Following Potentiometric Study

Abstract

A simple, selective and sensitized spectrophotometric method for determination of trace amounts of Fe3+ ion in tap and waste water solutions has been described. The spectrophotometric determination of Fe3+ ion using Ferron in the presence of N,N-Dodecytrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) has been carried out. The Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 0.05-2.6 g mL-1 of Fe3+ ion with the relative standard deviation (RSD %) <0.2 % and the molar absorptivity of complexes in pH 3.5 is 3.8×103 L mol-1 cm-1.
Potentiometric pH titration has been used for prediction of protonation constants of ferron, and evaluating its stoichiometry and respective stability constant with Fe3+ ion. As it is obvious the most likely species of ferron alone and its complexes are LH (log=7.64), LH2 (logK=10.52), LH3 (logK=11.74) and ML2 (log= 23.68), ML3 (log= 23.68), ML3H (log= 23.68), ML3H2 (log= 23.68) and ML(OH)2 (log=23.68) respectively.

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Surfactant-mediated extraction of iron and its spectrophotometric determination in rocks, minerals, soils, stream sediments and water samples

Abstract
An extraction spectrophotometric method for iron determination in rocks, minerals, soils, stream sediments and water samples has been developed. At pH 3-4, iron (III) forms a 1:2:1 ternary complex with thiocyanate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (Fe/SCN/CTAB) which is extracted into ethyl acetate. The readily formed purple complex is suitable for extraction spectrophotometric determination of iron in rocks and related materials from submicrogram to milligram levels. The method is free from any interference due to commonly associated ions present in the matrices of rock samples. The present method is at least fourfold more sensitive (ε=3.2×104 l mol−1 cm−1) than the conventional thiocyanate method and, in addition to the enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, it has got definite advantages over the corresponding binary thiocyanate system in terms of substantial improvement in the stability of the complex formed and broadening of Beer's law adherence range (0–6.0 mg/l). The method has been applied to a number of geological and hydrogeochemical samples for the determination of iron and the results obtained have been found to be favourably comparable with those obtained from the standard methods.
Keywords: Extraction; Iron determination; Spectrophotometric method

Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Apparatus
2.2. Reagents
2.3. Procedures
2.3.1. Dissolution of samples
2.3.1.1. For rocks, soils and stream sediments
2.3.1.2. For minerals
2.3.2. Colour reaction, extraction and absorbance measurements
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Choice of solvents
3.2. Effect of pH
3.3. Effect of reagent concentration
3.3.1. Thiocyanate
3.4. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
3.5. Effect of temperature
3.6. Composition of the complex
3.7. Spectral characteristics, Beer's law, sensitivity and precision of the method
3.8. Effect of diverse ions
3.9. Analytical applications
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References

CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ROCKS, ORES, MINERALS AND MINERAL WATERS

Chemical laboratory of IGEM RAS executes all types of chemical quantitative analyses of mineral objects using a combination of modern physicochemical and classical methods of analyses (atomic-absorptional one, emission spectrophotometry, ICP-MS spectroscopy, ionometry with ion-selective electrodes, spectrophotometry based on reactions with new analytical reagents etc.
Correctness of analysis is controlled by parallel analysis of standard samples or using an addition method, and, in the case of complete silicate analysis, - by the total concentration of all components that have to be between 99.5 - 100.5 %. Relative error of determination for spectrophotometric methods comprises 1 - 2 %, and relative standard deviation Sp = 2-3 %.

COMPLETE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ROCKS
1. Classical (gravimetric) analysis
Conventional determinable major components : SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, FeO, MnO, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O, H2O-, H2O+.
Additional determinable components: C, CO2, S, Cl, P, Li, Rb, Sr, Ba.
Microelements: Be, Cr, Y, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Pb, Cd, TR (should be specified).
Necessary weight of the sample: 3-5 g (ground to 200-300 mesh).

COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF SULFIDE ORES AND MINERALS
Determinations , with the use of both classical and physicochemical methods, are performed for major and accessory elements: Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Bi, Hg, As, Sb, Sn, S, Se, Si, Ca, Mg.
Necessary weight of the sample: 2 -10 g (for ores) and 1 -2 g (for minerals).

COMPLETE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MINERALS
1. Macroanalysis (weight of the sample should be 1.5 - 2 g, no grinding)
Minerals being analysed: silicates, aluminosilicates (mica, chlorite, feldspar, garnet etc.), borates (tourmaline etc.), arsenides, selenides etc., wolframites, molybdates, bismutides etc., titanium niobates, zirconium- and titanium silicates, rare earth' minerals.

2. Microanalysis (weight of the sample should be 200 mg, no grinding)
Minerals being analysed: silicates and titanomagnetites for major and accessory elements.
Beside the complete analysis, determinations of additional special elements are performed from separate samples: Ca, Mg, Si, Ti, Al, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cl, CO2, F, H2O etc.

COMPLETE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATERS
Natural and industrial (sewage) waters are analysed for major components:
Ca, Mg, Na, K, SO2 -, Cl, HCO3-, H2SiO3, Fe3+, Fetot, pH, oxidation ability, free O2 and H2S. Additional determinations, with a preconcentration of material using organic chelate adsorbents, can be made for microelements with the concentration level around n.10-3 - n.10-5 %.

DETERMINATION OF SEPARATE MICROELEMENTS
in minerals, rocks, natural and industrial waters at the level of n - n.10-7%:
n - n.10-2% - Ca, Mg, NH4+, C, CO2, Cl, Fe2+, Fe3+, F, P, SO42-.
n - n.10-3% - K, Na, Sr, Ba, Fe, Mo, Sb, Al, As, Cr, Y, TR, F.
n - n.10-4% - Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Pb, Mn, Sn, Mo, Sc, Zr (for lower limit, with the preconcentration by absorbents).
n.10-4 - n.10-5% - Li, Rb, Cs, Te, Se (with the preconcentration).
n.10-5 - n.10-7% - Au, Ag (with the preconcentration by absorbents).
Necessary weight if the sample is dependent on the number of elements to be analysed, volume of the water - 0.1 - 0.5 l.
Determinations are performed with the atomic-absorptional spectrophotometry, ionometry and with the use of ICP-MS machine VG Plasma Quad.
Head of Analytical Laboratory - Dr. G.O.PiloyanE-mail: piloyan@igem.msk.suFax: (7-095) 230-2179

Special Issue on 50 Years of Analytical Chemistry in Uranium Exploration in AMD

A comparative study of the uranium fluorescence behaviour in optical and laser fluorimetry in the presence of metals: Uranium determination at trace level in lanthanum, cerium, yttrium and thorium
A.Premadas and G.Saravanakumar
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Application of laser fluorimetry in uranium exploration - Determination of uranium in litho geochemical samples
C.R.Khorge, V.V.Hanuman, G.Chakrapani and P.K.Srivastava
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Liquid-Solid extraction of uranium (VI) with TOPO - molten naphthalene and determination by laser fluorimetry in geological samples
Sanjay Kumar, M. Krishnakumar and A.A.Patwardhan
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Determination of uranium by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
R.Lalithambal, P.K.Bhargava, G.S.Chowdary and Adarsh Kumar
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Ferric hydroxide gel, goethite and humic acid gel as solid phase adsorbents for uranium and their thermoanalytical studies
G.Suryaprabhavathy, S.Charulata and D.S.R.Murty
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Biosorption of uranium for separation/preconcentration prior to its estimation by fluorimetry
Leela Gopal, M.A.Nayeem and D.S.R.Murty
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Performance evaluation of various chemical analytical methods for the accurate determination of U3O8 in yellow cake
P.K.Tarafder, K.R.K.Sarma and P.K.Ghosh
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Application of different selective extractions in uranium exploration geochemistry
Usha Nathan
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